Óleo de Manuka "Leptospermum scoparium"

"Leptospermum scoparium" 1: Phytochemistry. 1999 Feb;50(3):407-15. Chemical, physical and antimicrobial properties of essential oils of Leptospermum scoparium and Kunzea ericoides. Porter NG, Wilkins AL. New Zealand Institute for Crop and Food Research Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand. The major components of commercial New Zealand essential oils of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) and Kunzea ericoides (kanuka) are identified. In the manuka oil, monoterpenes are present at low levels (< or = 3%). Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons are predominant (> or = 60%) and include groups possessing cubebene/copaene, elemene, gurjunene/aromadendrene, farnesene/ caryophyllene, selinene, calamenene and cadinene skeletons. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes and triketones are present (< or = 30%). The antimicrobial activity of the manuka oil was associated with a fraction containing three major and three trace triketones, two of the latter were previously unreported. Kanuka oil was characterized by high levels of alpha-pinene (> 50%) and lower levels (< 10%) of viridiflorol and viridiflorene. GC-MS and GC-FID detector responses to the same components were noticeably different for some major components, including the triketones. Non-commercial manuka oils from different sites differed widely in composition and could be separated into four groups by the presence and levels of distinctive components. The density and refractive index of manuka and kanuka oils were closely correlated with the total sesquiterpene levels. The density of the commercial manuka oil was closely correlated with the level of the triketones. Simple density measurements enabled discrimination between the commercial oil and oils from other sites, and prediction of antimicrobial activity. PMID: 9933953 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]   1: Phytochemistry. 2004 May;65(9):1255-64. Essential oils from New Zealand manuka: triketone and other chemotypes of Leptospermum scoparium. Douglas MH, van Klink JW, Smallfield BM, Perry NB, Anderson RE, Johnstone P, Weavers RT. New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Private Bag 50034, Mosgiel, New Zealand. The triketone chemotype of manuka, Leptospermum scoparium (Myrtaceae), is commercially important because of its antimicrobial activity. Oils from 36 individual plants on the East Cape of New Zealand all showed similar high triketone contents (>20% total triketones) with little seasonal variation. Analyses of oils from 261 individual manuka plants collected from 87 sites throughout New Zealand showed that the high triketone chemotype was localised on the East Cape, although oils with triketone levels up to 20% were found in the Marlborough Sounds area of the South Island. Cluster analysis revealed other chemotypes localised on other areas. Ten further chemotypes are described: alpha-pinene; sesquiterpene-rich with high myrcene; sesquiterpene-rich with elevated caryophyllene and humulene; sesquiterpene-rich with an unidentified sesquiterpene hydrocarbon; high geranyl acetate; sesquiterpene-rich with high gamma-ylangene + alpha-copaene and elevated triketones; sesquiterpene-rich with no distinctive components; sesquiterpene-rich with high trans-methyl cinnamate; high linalol; and sesquiterpene-rich with elevated elemene and selinene. Some of the chemotypes contained aroma compounds at relatively high levels, with a geranyl acetate-rich oil being most notable. Possible origins for this complex array of chemotypes are proposed. PMID: 15184010 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]   Manuka Oil Uses and Information Therapeutic Action Manuka Oil has been shown to be effective when used as a: Historical Use Manuka, as it is called by most New Zealanders, was used in pre-European times by the traditional people of New Zealand, the Maori, and still is. A decoction of the leaves was drunk for urinary complaints and as a febrifuge. The steam from leaves boiled in water was inhaled for head colds. A decoction was prepared from the leaves and bark and the warm liquid was rubbed on stiff muscles and aching joints. The emollient white gum, called pai Manuka, was given to nursing babies and also used to treat scalds and burns. Chewing the bark is said to have a relaxing effect and it enhances sleep. Active Constituents A gas chromatographic analysis of Manuka Oil at the University of Waikato's chemistry department showed it contains monoterpene hydrocarbons, a-cubebene, b-pinene, r-cymene, g-terpinene, a-copaene, b-caryophyllene, aromadendrene, calamanene, limonene, and myrcene; the oxide 1,8-cineole; a terpene alcohol, linalool; and esters. Tri-ketones, triterpenoids and flavonoids have also been isolated in East Cape Chemotype Manuka Oil. The 1,8-cineole when taken internally is a stimulating expectorant and when applied topically it is a mild aesthetic and antiseptic. Limonene also has an expectorant and antiviral action. Pinene, also found in cypress and pine oils, and cymene, found in thyme oil, have a powerful antiseptic action. L. scoparium has a range of therapeutic actions and medicinal uses similar to Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil). Linalool (as shown by researchers at the enthopharmacology laboratory at the University in Porto Alegre, Brazil) has effective sedative effects and is rapidly absorbed through the skin and nasal mucosa. Research has shown that East Cape Manuka Oils have more powerful antiseptic and antifungal action when compared to Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil). Research carried out in both Britain and New Zealand by the Cawthron Institute and Waikato University has shown a broad spectrum antibiotic action.. Important Note: It is very important to understand that only East Cape Chemotype Manuka has potent antimicrobial characteristics. Also because of this products unique steam distillation method, a much higher Tiketone level is achieved compared with another East Cape Chemotype being sold. Therapeutic Action Manuka Oil has been shown to be effective when used as a: Analgesic Anesthetic Antiasthmatic Antibacterial Antifungal Anti-inflammatory Antimicrobial Antiparasitic Antipruritic Antiseptic Antiviral Antizymotic Aphrodisiac Deodorant Diaphoretic Exanthematous Expectorant Fungicidal Germicidal Immune stimulant Insecticide Nervine Sedative Vulnerary In the Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry (Jan. 1990, v. 38), Molan, Wilkins and Holland researched the components responsible for the exceptionally high antibacterial activity of honey from Manuka flowers. They tested fractions of the honey for activity against staphylococcus aureus in particular, which is the bacteria that causes skin infections such as impetigo. Perhaps most interesting with the current emergence of strains of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is that laboratory tests have indicated Manuka Oils effectiveness as a treatment against some antibiotic-resistant organisms. Manuka oil has shown to be effectiveness in laboratory tests against 39 separate micro-organisms (listed below), in particular, streptococci and staphylococcal bacteria and fungi that affect the skin. Gram Positive Bacteria Staphylococcus aureas Staphylococcus aureas methacillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis Streptococcus faecalis Streptococcus agalactiae Micrococcus luteus Sarcina lutea Bacillus subtilis Listeria monocytogenes Gram Negative Bacteria Escherichia coli Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus vulgaris Vibrio furnissii Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas fluorscens Fungi Trichophyton mentagrophytes Trichophyton rubrum Microsporum canis Aspergillus niger Candida albicans Medicinal Uses Manuka Oil has been shown to treat or aid in the treatment of the following: Internal External External Cont.. Asthma Bronchitis Candida Catarrh Chicken pox Colds Colitis Cough Cystitis Enteritis Fever Influenza Intestinal infections Intestinal parasites Laryngitis Leucorrhea Lung infections Lymphatic - congestion Pneumonia Sinus congestion Sinusitis Stress Throat - infected Throat - sore Tonsillitis Urinary tract infection Vaginitis Vertigo Whooping cough Abrasions - skin Abscesses Acne Arthritis Bed sores Blisters Boils Bunions Burns Carbuncles Cold sores Corns Cracked skin Cuts Dandruff Dermatitis Ears or body pierced - infection of Eczema Fleas Fungal infection Gingivitis Gums - infected Herpes Impetigo Insect bites Insect stings Leaches Libido - low Lice Mosquito bites Muscular aches Nail infections Pimples Psoriasis Pyorrhea Rashes Rheumatism Ringworm Rinitis Skin - oily Sores Splinters Stings Sunburn Ticks Thrush - oral Thrush - vaginal Tinea Tonsillitis Toothache Ulcers - mouth Ulcers - varicose Vaginal infections Verrucae Warts Whitlow Wounds Instructions and Dosage Internal: - Adult dose 1-3 drops per day via ingestion (consult medical practitioner first) or inhalation. External: - 2-4 drops in the bath or placed directly on affected area. Mild Sunburn: - Apply cold water to remove heat and gently rub Manuka Cream into affected areas to help relieve stinging and later itching. Fungal infections, Athletes Foot & Nail Bed Infections: - Apply a few drops of Pure Manuka Oil with a cotton ball, twice daily. Continue to apply for 5 days after visible signs of infection have gone. Itching Scalp and Dandruff: - Add 10 drops of Pure Manuka Oil to a normal amount of shampoo and massage into wet hair and scalp. Leave for five minutes before rinsing. Cuts, Scratches and Abrasions: - Apply Pure Manuka Oil. Oily Skin and Pimples: - Wash daily with Manuka Soap. Apply Pure Manuka Oil as a spot treatment for problem areas. Skin Irritation, Chafing and Rashes: - Wash regularly with Manuka Soap and apply Manuka Cream twice daily as required. Foot and Body Odour: - Wash daily with Manuka Soap. For foot odour, rub Mild Manuka Oil or Manuka Cream into feet 3 times per week. Also protects against fungal infection. Insect Bites and Stings: - Apply Mild Manuka Oil or Manuka Cream to help relieve itching and inflammation and prevent infection. Aching Muscles and Joints: - Massage Mild Manuka Oil into tired and aching muscles and joints. For asthma: - Manuka Oil has shown to be effective because of the low irritancy and high concentration. The Manuka Oil sold by ManukaOil.com does not cause a skin reaction in most individuals (refer to Cautions below) and is helpful for all skin problems where the skin is sensitive. Aromatherapy Uses Manuka Oil is rapidly gaining popularity in the field of Aromatherapy. Some aromatherapists believe that although the effectiveness of Manuka Oil as a bactericide and fungicide is dramatic- Manuka Oil has another side to it. A leading German Aromatherapist- Ruth von Braunschweig reports on the sensual, "feel good" side of Manuka Oil, stating it to be beneficial for people with over sensitive nervous systems and those who suffer from stress and anxiety. Conditions that often manifest themselves in allergic reactions. She states that "Manuka Oil" is very effective for many skin problems. It strengthens the psyche and at the same time stabilizes the skin, it makes it more resistant, because it is relaxing for the skin nerves as well as cell activating and regenerating for the outer skin layers. The skin doesn't overreact constantly, - it doesn't come out in a rash so fast. Therefore Manuka is helpful for sensitive skin, especially itching, acne, badly healing skin, inclination to fungal infections, ulcers, bedsores and infections. Household Uses Manuka Oil is extremely useful as a household disinfectant. For an antiseptic action in the laundry, add half a teaspoon of oil to each wash load. It is used as a flavouring and antiseptic agent in mouthwashes.  It can also be used to purify drinking water. Perfumery Uses Manuka Oil has a honey-like aroma, sweet yet herbaceous and medicinal. It blends well with bay leaf, bergamot, black pepper, cajuput, cedarwood atlas, cinnamon, clove bud, elemi, ginger, juniper, lavender, nutmeg, peppermint, rose, rosemary, sandalwood, thyme, vetiver and ylang ylang. ManukaOil.com has available a Pure Manuka Oil with lowered aroma. Cautions Acute toxicity can occur if it is administered in amounts above the stated daily dose. It can, in some individuals, produce a mild irritancy to the skin but has a low irritancy compared to Australian tea tree oil. In tests conducted in England at Huntington Life Sciences and at the Wellington Clinical School, New Zealand, on application of undiluted oil to the skin of 30 subjects, there were no reports of skin irritancy. If irritation or other negative effects occur, discontinue use and consult a medical practitioner before resuming. References: The following references were used to compile this page. Cooke A, Cooke MD, Cawthron Institute, An investigation into the Antimicrobial Properties of Manuka and Kanuka Oil, February 1991. Perry, N. B.; Brennan, N. J.; van Klink, J. W.; Harris, W.; Douglas, M. H.; McGimpsey, J. A.; Smallfield, B. M.; Anderson, R. E. Essential oils from New Zealand Manuka and kanuka: chemotaxonomy of Leptospermum. Phytochemistry 1997, 44, 1485-1494. Perry, N. B.; Van Klink, J. W.; Brennan, N. J.; Harris, W.; Anderson, R.E.; Douglas, M. H.; Smallfield, B. M. Essential oils from New Zealand Manuka and Kanuka: chemotaxonomy of Kunzea. Phytochemistry 1997, 45, 606-1612. Porter, N. G.; Smale, P. E.; Nelson, M. A.; Hay, A. J.; Van Klink, J. W.; Dean, C. M. Variability in essential oil chemistry and plant morphology within a Leptospermum scoparium population. N. Z. J. Bot. 1998, 36, 125-133. Typical Specification TEST SPECIFICATIONS Appearance (Visual) Clear Mobile Liquid Colour (Visual) Pale Yellow Relative Density @ 20oC 0.970 ± 0.050 Moisture Content (Visual) No Visible water @ 20oC Miscibility with 100% Ethanol @ 20oC Clear solution with 1 vol. oil to 2 vols. 100% Ethanol Assay a - Pinene 10 to 15g/l Assay b - Cubebene 25 to 35g/l Assay Copaene 42 to 48g/l Assay Caryophyllene 18 to 24g/l Assay Flavesone 58 to 68g/l Assay Isoleptospermone 60 to 70g/l Assay Leptospermone 195 to 215g/l These results and specifications are only relative to ManukaOil.com's Manuka Oil. Typical Antimicrobial Activity RESULTS SHOWN ARE THE MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS REQUIRED TO EFFECT A COMPLETE KILL ORGANISM ORGANISM TYPE CONCENTRATION OF OIL Staphylococcus aureus gram +ve bacterium 1 : 1500 Streptococcus faecalis gram +ve bacterium 1 : 2000 Streptococcus pyogenes gram +ve bacterium 1 : 2000 Bacillus subtilis gram +ve bacterium 1 : 750 Propionibacterium acnes gram +ve bacterium 1 : 700 Listeria monocytogenes gram +ve bacterium 1 : 2000 Klebsiella pneumoniae gram -ve bacterium < 1 : 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa gram -ve bacterium < 1 : 10 Escherichia coli gram -ve bacterium < 1 : 10 Candida albicans Yeast 1 : 30 Trichophyton mentagrophytes Fungi 1 : 1250 Microsporum canis Fungi 1 : 1000 Aspergillus niger Fungi 1 : 50 These results and specifications are only relative to ManukaOil.com's Manuka Oil. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY. PRODUCT NAME:   Manuka Oil INCI NAME: Leptospermum Scoparium Oil TRADENAMES: Tairawhiti Manuka Oil, Manex Oil TAIRAWHITI (EAST CAPE) MANUKA OIL has been independently tested against a wide range of organisms and has been found to be active against all of those tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (ie the lowest concentration which will inhibit the growth of a specified organism) was determined . A list of some of these follows:   Organism. . MIC (% w/v) Gram Positive Bacteria - (liquid culture method) Staphyloccocus Aureas 147 0.078 Staphyloccocus Aureas MRSA NS 0.020 Staphyloccocus epidermis 0.078 Staphyloccocus faecalis 0.039 Staphyloccocus agalactiae 0.039 Micrococcus luteus 0.020 Sarcina lutea 0.078 Bacillus subtilis 0.156 Listeria monocytogenes 0.039 Gram Negative Bacteria - (liquid culture method) Escherichia coli 29 2.500 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 997 2.500 Klebsiella pneumoniae 5.000 Proteus vulgaris 996 5.000 Vibrio furnissi 2605 0.625 Legionella pneumophila 2008 << 0.039 Yeasts. Candida albicans 1212 0.625 Fungi - (poison food method) Aspergillus niger > 1.250 Microsporum canis 90-359 < 0.039 Trichophyton rubrum 90-364 < 0.039 Trichophyton mentagrophytes 90-196 0.078   References: Cawthron Report No. 263: An investigation into the Antimicrobial Properties of Manuka and Kanuka Oil, by Dr. A. Cooke and Dr. M.D. Cooke. Prepared for Tairawhiti Pharmaceuticals. NOTE: The above results are specific to Manuka Oil produced by Tairawhiti Pharmaceuticals. Although you will find this data in support of other manuka Oils it is only Tairawhiti Manuka Oil that has been shown to have this level of activity.   Manuka Oil and Manuka Cream Oil from a Manuka tree growing in the Te Araroa region of the East Cape of New Zealand shows a much higher antibacterial activity than oil from Manuka trees in other regions. "Manuka Oil was 20-30 times more active than Australian Tea Tree Oil" for gram positive bacteria, and 5-10 times more active for fungi. New Zealand Manuka is Effective Against Bacteria and Fungus Infections Uses: Acne, Pimples, Eczema, Ring Worm, Skin Rash, Chafing, Itching, Dandruff, Bed Sores, Athlete's Foot, Nail Bed Infections, Foot Odor, Body Odor, Cuts, Abrasions, Insect Bites & Stings, Sunburn, Muscle Ache, Aching Joints, and Aromatherapy for Stress and Anxiety Traditional Uses of the Manuka Tree Only in the last decade has the Manuka tree begun to be recognized and understood through science, but the Maori (who are the indigenous people of New Zealand) have long known the strength and healing ability of the Manuka tree. Manuka has been used to treat a range of skin problems, including chronic sores, ring worm and eczema. Others reported that a decoction of Manuka leaves was drunk for urinary complaints and to reduce fever. The leaves were boiled in water and inhaled for head colds, blocked sinuses, hay fever, even bronchitis and asthma. Leaves and bark were boiled together, and the warm liquid was rubbed on stiff backs and rheumatic joints. The leaves and young branches were put into vapor baths. The crushed Manuka leaves were applied as a poultice for many skin diseases and were directly applied to wounds and deep gashes to enhance healing and reduce the risk of infection. The young shoots of the Manuka tree were chewed and swallowed for dysentery.  The bark, the sap, and the seed capsules of the Manuka tree were also used extensively for treating various ailments. Clearly, Manuka was an important medicinal plant, both to the Maori and to the original European settlers who, in the early years of settlement, depended on Maori knowledge of medicinal plants in treating their own illnesses. Scientific Research on Manuka Although the Manuka tree of New Zealand had attracted scientific interest in the past, little had been found of real importance - until some Manuka oil samples were tested by Dr. Cooke of the Cawthron Institute and showed some remarkable results. The Cawthron Institute research, conducted on behalf of the Company, showed that the oil produced from the Manuka trees in the Te Araroa region of the East Cape displayed antimicrobial activity far greater than had been seen with other Manuka oil samples and greater than many other natural oils. The testing showed Manuka Oil to be active against a wide range of micro-organisms that cause irritation and infection of the skin and body. Some of them were serious, such as MRSA (antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, more commonly known as the H-bug) and others were more common ones, such as those that cause Athlete's Foot. The Cawthron Institute concluded that "Manuka Oil was 20 to 30 times more active than Australian Tea Tree Oil" for gram positive bacteria, and 5 to 10 times more active for fungi. Further testing has confirmed that Manuka Oil is effective in combating bacteria including those associated with acne or eczema, as well as foot and body odor. Applications of Manuka Mild Sunburn - Apply cold water to remove heat and gently rub Manuka Cream into sunburned areas to help relieve stinging and later itching. Oily Skin and Pimples - Wash daily with Manuka Soap. Apply Pure Manuka Oil as a spot treatment for problem areas. Fungal infections & Nail Bed Infections - Apply a few drops of Pure Manuka Oil with a cotton ball, twice daily. Continue to apply for 5 days after visible signs of infection have gone. Skin Irritation, Chafing, and Rashes - Wash regularly with Manuka Soap and apply Manuka Cream twice daily as required. Itching Scalp and Dandruff - Add 10 drops of Pure Manuka Oil to a normal amount of shampoo and massage into wet hair and scalp. Leave for five minutes before rinsing. Foot and Body Odor - Wash daily with Manuka Soap. For foot odor, rub Mild Manuka Oil or Manuka Cream into feet 3 times per week. Also protects against fungus infections. Cuts, Scratches and Abrasions - Apply Pure Manuka Oil. Insect Bites and Stings - Apply Mild Manuka Oil or Manuka Cream to help relieve itching and inflammation and prevent infection. Athlete's Foot - Apply a few drops of Pure Manuka Oil with a cotton ball, twice daily. Continue to apply for 5 days after visible signs of infection have gone. Aching Muscles and Joints - Massage Mild Manuka Oil into tired and aching muscles and joints. Manuka Oil in Aromatherapy Manuka Oil is rapidly gaining popularity in the field of Aromatherapy. Some aromatherapists believe that although the effectiveness of Manuka Oil as a bactericide and fungicide is dramatic - Manuka Oil has another side. A leading German Aromatherapist, Ruth von Braunschweig, reports on the sensual, "feel good" side of Manuka Oil, stating it to be beneficial for people with over sensitive nervous systems and those who suffer from stress and anxiety, conditions that often manifest themselves in allergic reactions. She states that "Manuka Oil" is very effective for many skin problems. It strengthens the psyche and at the same time stabilizes the skin, it makes it more resistant, because it is relaxing for the skin nerves as well as cell-activating and regenerating for the outer skin layers. The skin doesn't overreact constantly - so it doesn't come out in a rash so fast. Therefore Manuka is helpful for sensitive skin, especially itching skin or insect bites, acne, eczema, badly healing skin, inclination to fungal infections, ulcers, bedsores and infections.    Para aquisição do produto (óleo essencial): +55 (12) 82035180 Alessandro organicosbrasil@yahoo.com.br